Strayer Ap World History Chapter 13 Reading Quiz
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Academic Reading Exam 6
Office 1
Why practise people collect things?
People from almost every culture love collecting things. They might collect stamps, books, cards, priceless paintings or worthless ticket stubs to one-time sports games. Their collection might hang on the walls of a mansion or be stored in a box under the bed. And so what is it that drives people to collect? Psychologist Dr Maria Richter argues that urge to collect is a basic man feature. Co-ordinate to her, in the very first years of life nosotros form emotional connections with lifeless objects such as soft toys. And these positive relationships are the starting point for our fascination with collecting objects. In fact, the desire to collect may go dorsum further still. Scientists propose that for some ancient humans living hundreds of thousands of years agone, collecting may have had a serious purpose. Only by collecting sufficient food supplies to final though freezing winters or dry summers could our ancestors stay alive until the weather improved.
It turns out that fifty-fifty collecting for pleasure has a very long history. In 1925, the archaeologist Leonard Woolley was working at a site in the historic Babylonian city of Ur. Woolley had travelled to the region intending only to excavate the site of a palace. Instead, to his astonishment, he dug up artefacts, which appeared to belong to a 2,500- year-old museum. Amidst the objects was role of a statue and a piece of a local building. And accompanying some of the artefacts were descriptions similar modern-day labels. These texts appeared in 3 languages and were carved into pieces of dirt. It seems likely that this early on private collection of objects was created by Princess Ennigaldi, the daughter of Male monarch Nabonidus. Even so, very lilliputian else is known near Princess Ennigaldi or what her motivations were for setting up her collection.
This may have been 1 of the first large private collections, merely it was non the last. Indeed, the fashion for establishing collections really got started in Europe around 2,000 years later with so-called 'Cabinets of Curiosities'. These were collections, unremarkably belonging to wealthy families that were displayed in cabinets or small rooms. Cabinets of Curiosities typically included fine paintings and drawings, but equal importance was given to exhibits from the natural earth such every bit animal specimens, shells and plants.
Some meaning private collections of this sort date from the fifteenth century. 1 of the first belonged to the Medici family. The Medicis became a powerful political family in Italy and later a regal house, simply banking was originally the source of all their wealth. The family started by collecting coins and valuable gems, then artworks and antiques from around Europe. In 1570 a secret 'studio' was built inside the Palazzo Medici to house their growing collection. This exhibition room had solid walls without windows to keep the valuable collection safe.
In the seventeenth century, another fabulous collection was created by a Danish doc proper noun Ole Worm. His collection room contained numerous skeletons and specimens, as well equally ancient texts and a laboratory. One of Ole Worm's motivations was to indicate out when other researchers had made mistakes, such as the faux merits that birds of paradise had no anxiety. He also owned a neat auk, species of bird that has now go extinct, and the illustration he produced of it has been of value to subsequently scientists.
The passion for collecting was just as strong in the nineteenth century. Lady Charlotte Guest spoke at least 6 languages and became well-known for translating English books into Welsh. She likewise travelled widely throughout Europe acquiring erstwhile and rare pottery, which she added to her collection at home in southern England. When Lady Charlotte died in 1895 this collection was given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. At around the same fourth dimension in the north of England, a wealthy goldsmith named Joseph Mayer was building upwardly an enormous drove of artefacts, particularly those dug up from sites in his local area. His legacy, the Mayer Trust, continues to fund public lectures in accord with his wishes.
In the twentieth century, the writer Beatrix Potter had a magnificent collection of books, insects, plants and other botanical specimens. Most of these were donated to London's Natural History Museum, just Beatrix held on to her cabinets of fossils, which she was particularly proud of. In the United Stats, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began his stamp collection as a child and continued to add to information technology all his life. The stress associated with being president was easier to cope with, Roosevelt said, past taking time out to focus on his collection. By the terminate of his life this had expanded to include model ships, coins and artworks.
Most of us will never ain collections and then big or valuable as these. However, the examples given here suggest that collecting is a passion that has been shared past countless people over many centuries.
Function 2
Making Documentary Films
A For much of the twentieth century, documentary films were over adumbral by their more successful Hollywood counterparts. For a number of reasons, documentaries were oftentimes ignored by critics and motion picture studies courses at universities. Firstly, the very idea of documentary pic made some people suspicious. As the critic Dr Helmut Fischer put information technology, 'Documentary makers might accept ambitions to tell the "truth" and prove merely "facts" only in that location is no such thing equally a non-fiction film. That'southward because, as soon as you record an incident on camera, you are altering its reality in a fundamental way'. Secondly, even supporters of documentaries could not concur on a precise definition, which did piddling to improve the reputation of the genre. Lastly, at that place were likewise concerns near the ideals of filming subjects without their consent, which is a necessity in many documentary films.
B None of this prevented documentaries from being produced, though exactly when the procedure started is open to question. Information technology is often claimed that Nanook of the Due north was the first documentary. Made by the American filmmaker Robert J. Flaherty in 1922, the flick depicts the difficult, sometimes heroic lives of native American peoples in the Canadian Arctic. Nanook of the Northward is said to have fix off a trend that continued though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet Union and works by other filmmakers around the globe. However, that 1922 starting bespeak has been disputed by supporters of an before date. Among this group is film historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre can be traced back as early as 1895, when similar films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific films and accounts of journeys of exploration.
C In the years post-obit 1922, one particular mode of documentary started to appear. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects rehearsed and repeated activities for the purposes of the film. British filmmaker John Grierson was an of import member of this group. Grierson'due south career lasted virtually twoscore years, beginning with Drifters (1929) and culminating with I Recollect, I Recall (1968). However, past the 1960s Grierson's way of pic was being rejected by the Direct Cinema movement, which wanted to produce more natural and accurate films: cameras were hand-held; no boosted lighting or audio was used; and the subjects did non rehearse. According to film writer Paula Potato, the principles and methods of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attention of universities and film historians as never earlier. Documentaries started to be recognized as a distinct genre worthy of serious scholarly analysis.
D Starting in the 1980s, the widespread availability of kickoff video and so digital cameras transformed filmmaking. The flexibility and low toll of these devices meant that anyone could now be a filmmaker. Amateurs working from home could compete with professionals in ways never possible before. The appearance of online film-sharing platforms in the early on 2000s only increased the new possibilities for amateur documentaries were existence made, perhaps the most pop documentary of 2006 was yet the professionally made An Inconvenient Truth. New cameras and digital platforms revolutionised the making of films. But as critic Maria Fiala has pointed out, ' The arguments sometimes put forrard that these innovations immediately transformed what the public expected to see in a documentary isn't entirely accurate.'
Eastward However, a new generation of documentary filmmakers and so emerged, and with them came a new philosophy of the genre. These filmmakers moved abroad from highlighting political themes or urgent social issues. Instead the focus moved inward, exploring personal lives, relationships and emotions. It could be argued that Catfish (2010) was a perfect instance of this new tendency. The motion-picture show chronicles the everyday lives and interactions of the social media generation and was both a commercial and critical success. Filmmaker Josh Camberwell maintains that Catfish embodies a new realization that documentaries are inherently subjective and that this should be celebrated. Says Camberwell, 'It is a requirement for documentary makers to express a particular viewpoint and give personal responses to the material they are recording.'
F The popularity and variety of documentaries today is illustrated past the big number of picture festivals focusing on the genre around the world. The biggest of all must be Hot Docs Festival in Canada, which over the years has showcased hundreds of documentaries from more than than fifty different countries Fifty-fifty older is the Hamburg International Curt Film Festival. As its proper name suggests, Hamburg specializes in short films, simply one category takes this to its limits – entries may not exceed three minutes in duration. The Curt and Sweetness Festival is a slightly smaller upshot held in Utah, USA. The small size of the festival means that for first timers this is the platonic venue to effort to get some recognition for their films. Then there is the Atlanta Shortsfest, which is a great event for a wide variety of filmmakers. Atlanta welcomes all established types of documentaries and recognises the growing popularity of animations, with a category specifically for films of this type. These are only a few of the scores of film festivals on offer, and there are more being established every year. All in all, it has never been easier for documentary makers to become their films in forepart of an audience .
Part 3
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Course
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are peradventure the most svelte and vividly coloured of all ocean creatures. But few people have seen a jellyfish living in its natural habitat. Instead, they might see a dead and shapeless specimen lying on the embankment, or possibly receive a painful sting while swimming, so it is inevitable that jellyfish are oft considered ugly and perhaps dangerous. This misunderstanding can be partly traced back to the 20th century, when the employ of massive nets and mechanical winches often damaged the frail jellyfish that scientists managed to recover. Equally a result, disappointingly little enquiry was carried out into jellyfish, as marine biologists took the easy option and focused on physically stronger species such equally fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, notwithstanding, new techniques are now being adult. For example, scientists take discovered that sound bounces harmlessly off jellyfish, so in the Arctic and Kingdom of norway researchers are using sonar to monitor jellyfish beneath the sea'south surface. This, together with aeroplane surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new data in recent years.
Scientists know believe that in shallow water alone at that place are at least 38 million tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every blazon of marine habitat, including deep water. Furthermore, jellyfish were in one case regarded equally relatively lonely, but this is some other surface area where science has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was the outset to advise that jellyfish are in fact the centre of unabridged ecosystems, every bit shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed among their tentacles. This proffer has subsequently been conclusively proven by independent studies. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and isotope assay have provided farther insights, including the identification of numerous boosted species of jellyfish unknown to scientific discipline but a few years agone.
This brings united states to the issue of climate change. Research studies effectually the world take recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in contempo years and some scientists take linked this to climate change. However, while this may be credible, it cannot be established with certainty as other factors might exist involved. Related to this was the longstanding academic belief that jellyfish had no predators and therefore there was no natural process to limit their numbers. Withal, observations made past Paul Dewar and his team showed that this was wrong. As a result, the scientific community now recognises that species including sharks, tuna, swordfish and some salmon all prey on jellyfish.
It is still widely causeless that jellyfish are among the simplest lifeforms, as they no brain or key nervous system. While this is true, we now know they possess senses that allow them to run across, feel and interact with their environs on subtle means. What is more, analysis of so-called 'upside-downwards jellyfish' shows that they shut downwards their bodies and rest in much the same way that humans do at night, something once widely believed to be incommunicable for jellyfish. Furthermore, far from 'floating' in the water as they are yet sometimes idea to do, analysis has shown jellyfish to be the about economical swimmers in the animal kingdom. In short, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established beliefs virtually jellyfish were inaccurate. Jellyfish, though, are not harmless. Their sting can crusade a serious allergic reaction in some people and big outbreaks of them – known equally 'blooms' – can damage tourist businesses, pause line-fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and block industrial cooling pipes. On the other hand, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in surgery and wound dressings. In add-on, a particular protein taken from jellyfish has been used in over thirty,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such as Alzheimer's. Thus, our relationship with jellyfish is complex as in that location are a range of conflicting factors to consider.
Jellyfish have existed more or less unchanged for at least 500 1000000 years. Scientists recognise that over the planet's history there take been three major extinction events connected with changing environmental weather condition. Together, these destroyed 99% of all life, but jellyfish lived through all three. Inquiry in the Mediterranean Ocean has at present shown, remarkably, that in old historic period and on the point of death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an earlier physical country, leading to the assertion that they are immortal. While this may not technically be truthful, information technology is certainly an extraordinary discovery. What is more than, the oceans today contain 30% more poisonous acid than they did 100 years ago, causing bug for numerous species, simply not jellyfish, which may even thrive in more than acidic waters. Jellyfish throughout their long history have shown themselves to exist remarkably resilient.
Studies of jellyfish in grade know as scyphozoa take shown a life cycle of three distinct phases. Starting time, thousands of babies known as planulae are released. Them, subsequently a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks like a stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. Information technology is at present understood that all species of jellyfish go through similarly distinct stages of life. This is further show of just how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.
Answers
(Q.1 to Q.10)
1. True
2. True
3. Faux
4. True
v. Not Given
6. False
7. cyberbanking
8. chemical composition
9. windows
10. illustration
(Q.11 to Q.20)
11. lectures
12. fossils
13. stress
fourteen. iv
15. 7
16. i
17. viii
18. v
19. three
xx. D
(Q.21 to Q.30)
21. C
22. A
23. E
24. iii minutes / 3 minutes
25. first timers / 1st timers
26. animations
27. No
28. Yeah
29. Not Given
30. No
(Q.31 to Q.40)
31. Not Given
32. Yep
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. E
39. A
40. D
Source: https://www.ieltstester.com/academic-reading-test-6/
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I am going to join duscussion
Very very poor, most of the answers do not match to this. Totally time waste matter ieltstester.com
Faria Waseem
8 months ago
question viii and ix doesn't seems to be correct ,Instead of illustration it should be POTTERY, and despite of chemical composition their should be Windows.
#10. Lady Charlotte Guest created a drove Analogy…… IN THE PARAGRAPH THEY DIDNT MENTION ANYTHING Most ILLUSTRATIONS? TELL ME IN THAT PARAGRAPH WHERE THEY PLACE ILLUSTRATIONS. I ONLY READ AND SAW POTTERY.
The question in #8 doesn't seem to fit the correct reply.
At the Palazzio Medici in that location was a hidden 'studio' which had no: chemical composition
THAT DIDNT Make Any SENSE
# 9 answer also didnt make any FVCKING sense.
33/forty, it was a corking test, thnx